THE POSSESSOR AND POSSESSIVE
IN YALI, SOUGB AND MEE LANGUAGES
COMPILED
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BY
NAME : YALI SILAK
FACULTY OF LETTER
THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF
PAPUA UNIPA
MANOKWARI
2014
CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
THE
POSSESSOR AND POSSESSIVE
IN
YALI, SOUGB AND MEE LANGUAGES
Background
Yali
The Papua is known as an island which has many
languages in the world. The Ethnologies has listed that Papua has 267 plus
tribal languages, which are classified into two big groups; Austronesia
language and Non-Austronesia or Papua language. Ambai, Biak, Ansus, Wondamen,
and Waropen are the representatives of Austronesia, while Papuan languages are
Dani, Yali, Hattam, Meyah, Sough, Maybrat, and Sentani.
Yali is a Papuan language of Trans New Guinea Phylum
is classified as Dani language family, spoken by approximately 15,000 people in
the central highlands of New Guinea, northward to eastward of Grand Valley
Dani.Typologically, Yali is characterized as SOV word
orderwith agglutinating system in which the morphosyntax characteristics are
very complex. Verbs are very complex, with morphological agreement with
person/number and tense-aspect-modality. The morphological verb configuration
may be considered as the core of the grammar as a verb could stand as, more or
less, a complete sentence. Noun morphologically agrees with person/number
showing possessor-possesses structure. This structure is also true for any
other grammatical categories such as adjectives and postpositions as they agree
with person/number showing person marker-adjective/postposition structures.
B.
Sougb
Sougb is one of the
Papuan language families which belong west papua sub groups and it is a member of Eastern
Bird’s Head phylum ,east of meyah sub phylum and its is spoken in south
Manokwari(Grimes ,2000:10).
However,
the sougb community mostly prefers to use “sougb’’instead of manikion, because
is their mind, the word “manikion’’ is a derogatory name which is given by
outsiders and it has negative meaning (backward, very black, dirty people).it
is unacceptable by them (apomfires and sapulete ,1993:256).
According to
Reesin(2002),the speakers of sougb language are approximately 12.000 people.
There are approximately 50 villages that use sougb language in daily lives. The
community of sougb language lives
between the anggi lake which is in the north and the southern border of
bintunibay.Reesink (2002) also mention about sougblanguage,which has three
major dialects ;(1) sougbmisen is spoken
in the sub –district anggi,suseri ,merdei,ransiki ,oransbari.(2) bohan this
dialect are spoken along the coast
around ransiki .(3) lou refers to southern dialects and also the minor dialects
are sre or cicir spoken by small group
of people near the mouth of the rembuni river in manokwari .Reesink also points
out that the language is closed to meyah and hatam language typologically;sougb
has SVO word order (Reesink,1990 and 2002).
C.
Mee
Mee is a Papuan
language spoken in the Highlands of Western New Guinea, which is also call
Ekagi, Akari or Kapauku in the literature, has a morphologically elaborate
system of tense, aspect and modality. Mee past tense (Immediate Past, Recent
Past and Far Past) have markers which indicate the degree to which the speaker
and/or the hearer were with various evidential and preparedness-of-min
meanings. Basically, the choice between these markers whether the speaker
and/or the hearer had knowledge of the event at the reference time. The
addressee’s knowledge is being monitored if the subject of the utterance is
first or third second person. If the
subject of the utterance is second person, it is the speaker who lacks the
knowledge. The tracking of awareness is tensed, so can apply at different time
at the past, that is integrated into the system of determiners also makes a
four-way distinction with respect to the distribution of knowledge/awareness
across speaker and hearer and through
time. The focus of this talk; however is to present how the tensed modal
distance is specified on the verb.
NikoKobape
(Australian
National University)
CAPTER II
FINDING
Ø
Possessor
is person that has something
Ø Possessive wants exclusive ownership and possession
1.1 Alienable
of general noun Possession in Yali Language
An na-siye
1sg poss-axe
=my axe
Hat ha-sum
2sg poss-bag
=Your bag
An n-ahen
1sg 1g-
=Hat h-ahen
At Ø-ahen
Her/his tree
Nin-ahen
2pl poss-tree
=Our tree
InYali language Alienable nouns cannot stand
alone as a word. For example; nu-wanggun prefix “nu-” is attached to noun which
is identical to possessive marker on noun but the noun “wanggun” is can stand
alone. The prefixes as possessor are attaching to nouns as possessive as shown
in.
a.wanggun‘stick’ an nu- wanggun kea wereg?
1SG
1SG: ALIEN-stick where
exist
‘Where is my stick?’
Ø
Inalienable is can’t be kept away / cannot be
alienated
1.
Inalienable nouns of Body Parts in Yali Language
N-eyug
1sg-poss
{My foot}
N-engkik
1sg-poss
{My hand }
N-ilangken
1sg-poss
{my eye}
Ilangken
Ø-poss
His/her eye
Etc
Inalienable nouns include body parts, kinship
terms and some nouns that are culturally important to Yali communities.
Inalienable nouns in Yali, the possessor markers as prefixes attach to nouns as
possessive. For example; h-ilanggen the prefix h- is attached on noun which is
functioning as possessor marker on the noun “hil-anggen”. Then, the noun
“hilanggen”also cannot stand alone without prefixes as possessor.
2. Kinship
terms in Yali language
N-umparik
1sg-poss
(My
brother inlaw)
H-umparik
2sg-poss
(Your
brother inlaw)
Umparik
Ø-poss
(Her/his
brother inlaw)
Nun-umprik
2sg-poss
(Our
brother inlaw)
Un-umparik
3pl-poss
(Their
brother inlaw)
b.Example:
An n- ilanggenyanggo
1SG 1SG: INALIEN-eyes white
‘His/her eyes are white’
1.2 Alienable
of general noun Possession in Sougb Language
1.
Inalienable nouns of Body Parts in Yali
Language
2.
Kinship terms in Sougb language
1.3 Alienable
of general noun Possession in Mee Language
1. Inalienable
nouns of Body Parts in Mee Language
2. Kinship
terms in Mee language
